Triboelectric nanogenerators enabled internet of things: A survey

doi:10.23919/ICN.2020.0008

2020, Vol. 1

Issue (2): 115-141 doi: 10.23919/ICN.2020.0008

Triboelectric nanogenerators enabled internet of things: A survey

Jiarong Li,Changsheng Wu,Ishara Dharmasena,Xiaoyue Ni,Zihan Wang,Haixu Shen,Shao-Lun Huang,Wenbo Ding^*(

)

Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
Wolfson School of Mechanical Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA

Download:

PDF (18290 KB)

HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract

As pioneering information technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) targets at building an infrastructure of embedded devices and networks of connected objects, to offer omnipresent ecosystem and interaction across billions of smart devices, sensors, and actuators. The deployment of IoT calls for decentralized power supplies, self-powered sensors, and wireless transmission technologies, which have brought both opportunities and challenges to the existing solutions, especially when the network scales up. The Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs), recently developed for mechanical energy harvesting and mechanical-to-electrical signal conversion, have the natural properties of energy and information, which have demonstrated high potentials in various applications of IoT. This context provides a comprehensive review of TENG enabled IoT and discusses the most popular and significant divisions. Firstly, the basic principle of TENG is re-examined in this article. Subsequently, a comprehensive and detailed review is given to the concept of IoT, followed by the scientific development of the TENG enabled IoT. Finally, the future of this evolving area is addressed.

Key words： Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) Internet of Things (IoT) energy harvesting sensing system smart cities

Received: 05 July 2020 Online: 19 August 2021

Corresponding Authors: Wenbo Ding E-mail: ding.wenbo@sz.tsinghua.edu.cn

About author: Jiarong Li received the BE degree (Hons.) in electronic science and technology from University of Electronic Science and Technology of China in 2019. He is currently pursuing the MS degree in data science at Tsinghua University since 2019. His research interests include self-powered sensors, robotics, and deep learning.|Changsheng Wu received the BE degree in engineering science and the PhD degree in materials science and engineering from National University of Singapore in 2013 and 2019, respectively. He is now a postdoctoral fellow at Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University. His research interests include wearable electronics, bioelectronics, energy harvesting, self-powered sensors, metamaterials, and additive manufacturing.|Ishara Dharmasena is an EPSRC Doctoral Prize Fellow at the Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University. He received the BSc (Engineering) degree from the University of Moratuwa in 2014 and PhD degree in energy harvesting and wearable electronics from the Advanced Technology Institute (ATI), University of Surrey in 2019. He has previously worked at the ATI as a Research Fellow and at Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC) as a Research Scientist. His research interests include mechanical energy harvesting, triboelectric nanogenerators, wearable electronics, and flexible electronics.|Xiaoyue Ni is currently a postdoctoral researcher at Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, where she works with Prof. John A. Rogers on a wearable device for continuous, noninvasive monitoring of human body mechanics and tissue-level diagnosis. She also develops advanced metastructures for active and smart materials. She received the PhD degree in materials science from the California Institute of Technology in 2017, where she worked on nanomechanics under the supervision of Prof. Julia R. Greer. Her thesis focused on resolving fundamental physics of dislocation-mediated plasticity. She received the MS degree in materials science from Caltech in 2014 and the BS degree in physics and mathematics with a minor in economics from Marietta College in 2012.|Zihan Wang received the dual BE degrees (Hons.) from Xidian University and Heriot-Watt University, respectively in 2019. He is currently pursuing the MS degree at Smart Sensing and Robotics (SSR) group, Tsinghua University. His research interests include self-powered sensors, Internet of Things (IoTs) devices, and robotics.|Haixu Shen received the BS degree from the Nanoengineering Department, UC San Diego in 2018 and the MS degree from the Materials Science Department, Northwestern University in 2019. His research interests include 3D printing, microfabrication, and wearable/implantable medical devices.|Shao-Lun Huang received the BS degree with honor from the Department of Electronic Engineering, Taiwan University in 2008 and the MS and PhD degrees from the Department of Electronic Engineering and Computer Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2010 and 2013, respectively. From 2013 to 2016, he was working as a postdoctoral researcher jointly at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Taiwan University and the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Since 2016, he has joined Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, where he is currently an associate professor. His research interests include information theory, communication theory, machine learning, and social networks.|Wenbo Ding received the BS and PhD degrees (Hons.) from Tsinghua University in 2011 and 2016, respectively. He worked as a postdoctoral research fellow at Georgia Tech under the supervision of Professor Z. L. Wang from 2016 to 2019. He is now a tenure-track assistant professor and PhD supervisor at Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, where he leads the Smart Sensing and Robotics (SSR) group. His research interests are diverse and interdisciplinary, which include self-powered sensors, energy harvesting, and wearable devices for health and soft robotics with the help of signal processing, machine learning, and mobile computing. He has received many prestigious awards, including the Gold Medal of the 47th International Exhibition of Inventions Geneva and the IEEE Scott Helt Memorial Award.


	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors
	Jiarong Li
	Changsheng Wu
	Ishara Dharmasena
	Xiaoyue Ni
	Zihan Wang
	Haixu Shen
	Shao-Lun Huang
	Wenbo Ding

Cite this article:

Jiarong Li,Changsheng Wu,Ishara Dharmasena,Xiaoyue Ni,Zihan Wang,Haixu Shen,Shao-Lun Huang,Wenbo Ding. Triboelectric nanogenerators enabled internet of things: A survey. , 2020, 1: 115-141.

URL:

http://icn.tsinghuajournals.com/10.23919/ICN.2020.0008 OR http://icn.tsinghuajournals.com/Y2020/V1/I2/115

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram illustrates the ideal paradigm of distributed IoT applications with sustainable TENG systems. Three major technologies support the TENG-based decentralized power source and sensing networks for IoT applications. Reproduced with permission[45]. Copyright 2014, Springer Nature. Reproduced with permission[46]. Copyright 2017, Springer Nature. Reproduced with permission[52]. Copyright 2014, John Wiley and Sons. Reproduced with permission[55]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons. Reproduced with permission[68]. Copyright 2018, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. Reproduced with permission[60]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. Reproduced with permission[73]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. Reproduced with permission[74]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. Reproduced with permission[63]. Copyright 2014, John Wiley and Sons. Reproduced with permission[78]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. Reproduced with permission[87]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. Reproduced with permission[90]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature.

32]. Copyright 2012, Elsevier. (b) Corresponding electrical circuit design of TENG[92]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons. (c) Displacement current model of TENG with a vertical CS mode[92]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons. (d)-(g) Fundamental operating modes of TENG: (d) Vertical CS mode, (e) LS mode, (f) SE mode, and (g) FT mode. Reproduced with permission[92]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons.
">

Fig. 2 (a)-(c) Fundamental models of TENG. (a) Structural design and working loop of the first TENG. Reproduced with permission[32]. Copyright 2012, Elsevier. (b) Corresponding electrical circuit design of TENG[92]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons. (c) Displacement current model of TENG with a vertical CS mode[92]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons. (d)-(g) Fundamental operating modes of TENG: (d) Vertical CS mode, (e) LS mode, (f) SE mode, and (g) FT mode. Reproduced with permission[92]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons.

45]. Copyright 2014, Springer Nature. (b) Structure design of the self-powered radial-engine-shaped TENG system driven by wind power. Reproduced with permission[44]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (c) Schematic diagram and a real photo of the TENG-based self-powered system. Inset: the illustration of the TENG manufactured with a commercial wind sensor. Reproduced with permission[132]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.
">

Fig. 3 TENG as the wind energy harvester for IoT applications. (a) Structural design of a wind tunnel and the system architecture of a flutter-driven triboelectric generator with surface characteristics of (i) an extremely flexible flag, (ii) a counter plate, and (iii) counter plate fabrication. Reproduced with permission[45]. Copyright 2014, Springer Nature. (b) Structure design of the self-powered radial-engine-shaped TENG system driven by wind power. Reproduced with permission[44]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (c) Schematic diagram and a real photo of the TENG-based self-powered system. Inset: the illustration of the TENG manufactured with a commercial wind sensor. Reproduced with permission[132]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.

50]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (b) An exploded structure picture of the TENG device array. Reproduced with permission[47]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier. (c) Structural design and diagram of the Water Wave Energy Harvester (WWEH). The left side is the schematic illustration of the WWEH. The right side is the structure design of the WWEH-based buoy system for environmental and ecological monitoring. Reproduced with permission[48]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (d) Schematic TENG diagrams composed of two key components, an FEP-film rotor and a Cu-electrode acrylic shield. The zoom-in image reveals a distance between the FEP film and Cu electrodes. Reproduced with permission[49]. Copyright 2020, American Institute of Physics. (e) A blue energy network implemented by TENG. Reproduced with permission[46]. Copyright 2017, Springer Nature.
">

Fig. 4 TENG as the wave energy harvester for IoT applications. (a) The upper side is an image of an as-made TENG system for water wave power retrieval and the unit floating on water and digital pictures of 70 wave-driven Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs). At the bottom is the relation between the average maximum and the present maximum voltage with ball volume. Reproduced with permission[50]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (b) An exploded structure picture of the TENG device array. Reproduced with permission[47]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier. (c) Structural design and diagram of the Water Wave Energy Harvester (WWEH). The left side is the schematic illustration of the WWEH. The right side is the structure design of the WWEH-based buoy system for environmental and ecological monitoring. Reproduced with permission[48]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (d) Schematic TENG diagrams composed of two key components, an FEP-film rotor and a Cu-electrode acrylic shield. The zoom-in image reveals a distance between the FEP film and Cu electrodes. Reproduced with permission[49]. Copyright 2020, American Institute of Physics. (e) A blue energy network implemented by TENG. Reproduced with permission[46]. Copyright 2017, Springer Nature.

52]. Copyright 2014, John Wiley and Sons. (b) Single-spring Resonator (SR)-TENG and Mechanical Amplifier-assisted (MA)-TENG system architecture. The left side is the basic configuration of the TENG with the single-spring resonator. The TENG with the mechanical amplification on the right is composed of two springs. Reproduced with permission[54]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier. (c) Schematic illustration of the S-TENG. The right side is a Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) image of the carbon nanofiber for preparing the elastomeric electrode. Reproduced with permission[53]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons. (d) Structural design of the fabricated multiunit TENG at the top right corner. The left side is a schematic of a vibration-energy storage device based on the power from a working grinder and cycling. Feasible applications display in the right-hand corner for speedometer, moisture, and digital temperature monitor. Reproduced with permission[51]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.
">

Fig. 5 TENG as the vibrational energy harvester for IoT applications. (a) Schematic diagram of a 3D TENG. Reproduced with permission[52]. Copyright 2014, John Wiley and Sons. (b) Single-spring Resonator (SR)-TENG and Mechanical Amplifier-assisted (MA)-TENG system architecture. The left side is the basic configuration of the TENG with the single-spring resonator. The TENG with the mechanical amplification on the right is composed of two springs. Reproduced with permission[54]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier. (c) Schematic illustration of the S-TENG. The right side is a Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) image of the carbon nanofiber for preparing the elastomeric electrode. Reproduced with permission[53]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons. (d) Structural design of the fabricated multiunit TENG at the top right corner. The left side is a schematic of a vibration-energy storage device based on the power from a working grinder and cycling. Feasible applications display in the right-hand corner for speedometer, moisture, and digital temperature monitor. Reproduced with permission[51]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.

56]. Copyright 2016, Springer Nature. (b) Scheme illustrations of pre and post extending for yarn-based TENG. The embedded SEM images are the exterior characteristics of the functional inner center with spring-like circular twisting (middle) and the boundary-section of the TENG (bottom right). Reproduced with permission[55]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons. (c) Schematic description of the manufacturing process of VTENG. A picture of the SEM metal nano-wire system (up). Structural illustration of the square ruler-like VTENG (down). Reproduced with permission[59]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons. (d) Schematic diagram of the textile-TENG, whose development cycle depends on fabrics of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). HCOENP indicates Hydrophobic Cellulose Oleoyl Ester Nanoparticle, BP indicates Black Phosphorus, and HBP indicates HCOENP/BP/PET. Reproduced with permission[58]. Copyright 2018, Springer Nature. (e) Schematic diagram of the hybrid energy harvesting bracelet combining with the magnetic mover element. EMG indicates Electromagnetic Generator. Reproduced with permission[141]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons.
">

Fig. 6 TENG as the biomechanical energy harvester for IoT applications. (a) Enlarged image of the TENG tube structure. Reproduced with permission[56]. Copyright 2016, Springer Nature. (b) Scheme illustrations of pre and post extending for yarn-based TENG. The embedded SEM images are the exterior characteristics of the functional inner center with spring-like circular twisting (middle) and the boundary-section of the TENG (bottom right). Reproduced with permission[55]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons. (c) Schematic description of the manufacturing process of VTENG. A picture of the SEM metal nano-wire system (up). Structural illustration of the square ruler-like VTENG (down). Reproduced with permission[59]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons. (d) Schematic diagram of the textile-TENG, whose development cycle depends on fabrics of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). HCOENP indicates Hydrophobic Cellulose Oleoyl Ester Nanoparticle, BP indicates Black Phosphorus, and HBP indicates HCOENP/BP/PET. Reproduced with permission[58]. Copyright 2018, Springer Nature. (e) Schematic diagram of the hybrid energy harvesting bracelet combining with the magnetic mover element. EMG indicates Electromagnetic Generator. Reproduced with permission[141]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons.

81]. Copyright 2015, Springer Nature. (b) Operation cycles and schematic diagram of TENG. The left-hand side is the Cycles for Energy Output (CEO)’s stable state with different loading resistances. The right side is the Cycles for Maximum Energy Output (CMEO) with different loading resistances. There are labeled vertices of the CMEO with infinite loading resistances. Reproduced with permission[82]. Copyright 2015, Springer Nature. (c) Voltage-charge plot compares the Oscillation Assisting TENG (OA-TENG), CMEO, maximized CMEOs, and CEO. Reproduced with permission[37]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons.
">

Fig. 7 TENG-enabled power management circuit for IoT applications. (a) Structural design of self-powered sensors for human activity with the power management circuit. The left side is the circuit schematic illustration. ECG indicates Electrocardiogram. Reproduced with permission[81]. Copyright 2015, Springer Nature. (b) Operation cycles and schematic diagram of TENG. The left-hand side is the Cycles for Energy Output (CEO)’s stable state with different loading resistances. The right side is the Cycles for Maximum Energy Output (CMEO) with different loading resistances. There are labeled vertices of the CMEO with infinite loading resistances. Reproduced with permission[82]. Copyright 2015, Springer Nature. (c) Voltage-charge plot compares the Oscillation Assisting TENG (OA-TENG), CMEO, maximized CMEOs, and CEO. Reproduced with permission[37]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons.

60]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (b) Structural design of the manufacture of the sensor device. Reproduced with permission[61]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier. (c) Device’s framework architecture. Inserts: a side view and top view separately of the extended functional model. Reproduced with permission[62]. Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons.
">

Fig. 8 TENG as the pressure sensor for IoT applications. (a) Device schematic of a slinky TENG (left). A real photo of the slinky TENG’s four commercial green LEDs (top right). Four commercial green LEDs are driven by the slinky TENG (top right). The experiment of slinky movements by slinky TENG (bottom right). Reproduced with permission[60]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (b) Structural design of the manufacture of the sensor device. Reproduced with permission[61]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier. (c) Device’s framework architecture. Inserts: a side view and top view separately of the extended functional model. Reproduced with permission[62]. Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons.

64]. Copyright 2014, John Wiley and Sons. (b) Device schematic of a TENG-based motion sensor. A picture (up) and SEM image (down left) of the shaped PDMS substrates with pyramids characteristics. Electrical evaluation output of the motion sensing system. Reproduced with permission[63]. Copyright 2014, John Wiley and Sons. (c) Working mechanism of the self-powered, single-electrode-based TES. Reproduced with permission[65]. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society.
">

Fig. 9 TENG as the motion sensor for IoT applications. (a) Framework of a triboelectric motion sensor. Schematic illustration of a series of micro gratings and extensive surface details shown in the inset. Reproduced with permission[64]. Copyright 2014, John Wiley and Sons. (b) Device schematic of a TENG-based motion sensor. A picture (up) and SEM image (down left) of the shaped PDMS substrates with pyramids characteristics. Electrical evaluation output of the motion sensing system. Reproduced with permission[63]. Copyright 2014, John Wiley and Sons. (c) Working mechanism of the self-powered, single-electrode-based TES. Reproduced with permission[65]. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society.

66]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (b) Experimental configuration for freestanding FENG (Ferroelectret Nanogenerator)-based voice speakers. Reproduced with permission[67]. Copyright 2017, Springer Nature. (c) Mechanism and structural design of the self-powered TAS. The left side is the illustration of the triboelectric auditory system for a robot. The right side is the fundamental schematic diagram of the TAS. Reproduced with permission[68]. Copyright 2018, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. (d) Schematic illustration of SATURN Microphone composed of paper coated with copper and PTFE. Reproduced with permission[69]. Copyright 2018, Association for Computing Machinery.
">

Fig. 10 TENG as the acoustic sensor for IoT applications. (a) Schematic illustration of the paper-based TENG. The left side is an actual photo of the system. Inset is the SEM graphic of the PTFE polymer nanowires. The right side is the image of a paper-thin TENG as a self-powered sound recording microphone. Reproduced with permission[66]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (b) Experimental configuration for freestanding FENG (Ferroelectret Nanogenerator)-based voice speakers. Reproduced with permission[67]. Copyright 2017, Springer Nature. (c) Mechanism and structural design of the self-powered TAS. The left side is the illustration of the triboelectric auditory system for a robot. The right side is the fundamental schematic diagram of the TAS. Reproduced with permission[68]. Copyright 2018, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. (d) Schematic illustration of SATURN Microphone composed of paper coated with copper and PTFE. Reproduced with permission[69]. Copyright 2018, Association for Computing Machinery.

𝐨𝐜

as well as Q

𝐬𝐜

against rotational speed. Reproduced with permission[70]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (c) Left side is Wave Sensor (WS)-TENG’s structural design used to measure waves around a marine unit. The schematic illustration of the model WS-TENG is on the right side. The inset is an SEM image of a surface-treated PTFE. Reproduced with permission[73]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (d) Structural design of the wind sensing system based on TENG. The right-hand side is the wind velocity graph measured in real time by a wind speed sensor device and a built-in wind measurement network. Reproduced with permission[72]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society.
">

Fig. 11 TENG as wind and wave sensor for IoT applications. (a) Device schematic of the TENG system. (Up left) A photo of the TENG. (Down left) A photo of a 9-LEDs before and during the operation of the TENG. (Right) A picture reveals that TENG was used for collecting human mouth blowing to trigger exit signs. Reproduced with permission[71]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society. (b) Structural design of the TENG (left) and its performance characteristics (right) indicating V $𝐨𝐜$ as well as Q $𝐬𝐜$ against rotational speed. Reproduced with permission[70]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (c) Left side is Wave Sensor (WS)-TENG’s structural design used to measure waves around a marine unit. The schematic illustration of the model WS-TENG is on the right side. The inset is an SEM image of a surface-treated PTFE. Reproduced with permission[73]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (d) Structural design of the wind sensing system based on TENG. The right-hand side is the wind velocity graph measured in real time by a wind speed sensor device and a built-in wind measurement network. Reproduced with permission[72]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society.

77]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (b) On the left-hand side is a schematic illustration of the downy-structured TENG. Upright is the energy conversion efficiency performance of the devices. Downright is the broader view to display the entire device system with heart rate impulses obtained in real time. Reproduced with permission[75]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (c) Structural design of the manufacturing process of fabric pressure sensors. Reproduced with permission[76]. Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons. (d) Schematic illustration and manufacturing process of all-textile pressure sensors. Reproduced with permission[74]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.
">

Fig. 12 TENG as the biomedical monitoring sensor for IoT applications. (a) Structure design of the TES (left). Changes in voltage over time obtained from TES trapped on various sections of a human body during shoulder sleep tracking (right). Reproduced with permission[77]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (b) On the left-hand side is a schematic illustration of the downy-structured TENG. Upright is the energy conversion efficiency performance of the devices. Downright is the broader view to display the entire device system with heart rate impulses obtained in real time. Reproduced with permission[75]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (c) Structural design of the manufacturing process of fabric pressure sensors. Reproduced with permission[76]. Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons. (d) Schematic illustration and manufacturing process of all-textile pressure sensors. Reproduced with permission[74]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

79]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (b) Structural design of the self-powered water quality measurement devices. Reproduced with permission[80]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (c) Structural design of non-contact magnetic field Liquid-Liquid interfacing TENG (LLi-TENG). Reproduced with permission[78]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
">

Fig. 13 TENG as the chemical sensor for IoT applications. (a) Upper left is the schematic illustration of the WR-TENG. Upper right is the sequence of electrostatic anions and water molecules. Bottom is a chemical reaction cycle and diagram for rust protection. Reproduced with permission[79]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (b) Structural design of the self-powered water quality measurement devices. Reproduced with permission[80]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (c) Structural design of non-contact magnetic field Liquid-Liquid interfacing TENG (LLi-TENG). Reproduced with permission[78]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.

83]. Copyright 2017, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. (b) Exploded structure design of a single triboelectric key. Reproduced with permission[84]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (c) Phyjama consists of a decentralized collection of four resistive (i) sensors and one triboelectric (ii) sensor. Reproduced with permission[85]. Copyright 2019, Association for Computing Machinery. (d) Schematic diagram of the SCPF being translucent and versatile. Pictures of an SCPF show its translucency and versatility on the top right side. Photo with smart unlocks sliding device on the top downside. Reproduced with permission[86]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.
">

Fig. 14 TENG as sensing system with human-machine interfacing for IoT applications. (a) Schematic of the arrangement of a pair of ordinary mechnosensational TENG (msTENG)-mounted glasses. Lower left is the adjusting device framework for convenient modification. The downright side is the msTENG graphical schematic. Inset: an illustration SEM of nano-wires from FEP. Size bar: 5 mm. Reproduced with permission[83]. Copyright 2017, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. (b) Exploded structure design of a single triboelectric key. Reproduced with permission[84]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (c) Phyjama consists of a decentralized collection of four resistive (i) sensors and one triboelectric (ii) sensor. Reproduced with permission[85]. Copyright 2019, Association for Computing Machinery. (d) Schematic diagram of the SCPF being translucent and versatile. Pictures of an SCPF show its translucency and versatility on the top right side. Photo with smart unlocks sliding device on the top downside. Reproduced with permission[86]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.

87]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (b) Structural design of the rotary electrodeless TENG with collectors. Reproduced with permission[88]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons. (c) Schematic illustration of the hybridized nanogenerator. Reproduced with permission[89]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) Diagram (left) and corresponding circuit (right) of the wireless power transfer network combined with magnetic resonance. Reproduced with permission[90]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature.
">

Fig. 15 TENG-enabled wireless power transfer and information transmission for IoT applications. (a) Structural design of the self-powered optical wireless communications OWC operated by TENG and its application scenarios. Reproduced with permission[87]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (b) Structural design of the rotary electrodeless TENG with collectors. Reproduced with permission[88]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons. (c) Schematic illustration of the hybridized nanogenerator. Reproduced with permission[89]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) Diagram (left) and corresponding circuit (right) of the wireless power transfer network combined with magnetic resonance. Reproduced with permission[90]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature.


[1]	Pretz K., The next evolution of the internet, , 2013.
[2]	Joshi G. P. and Kim S. W., Survey, nomenclature and comparison of reader anti-collision protocols in RFID, IETE Tech. Rev., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 234-243, 2008.
[3]	He W., Yan G. J., and Xu L. D., Developing vehicular data cloud services in the IoT environment, IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1587-1595, 2014.
[4]	Mahmud R., Koch F. L., and Buyya R., Cloud-fog interoperability in IoT-enabled healthcare solutions, in Proc. 19th Int. Conf. Distributed Computing and Networking, Varanasi, India, 2018, pp. 1-10.
[5]	Ugrenovic D. and Gardasevic G., CoAP protocol for Web-based monitoring in IoT healthcare applications, in Proc. 23rd Telecommunications Forum Telfor (TELFOR), Belgrade, Serbia, 2015, pp. 79-82.
[6]	Tyagi S., Agarwal A., and Maheshwari P., A conceptual framework for IoT-based healthcare system using cloud computing, in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Cloud System and Big Data Engineering (Confluence), Noida, India, 2016, pp. 503-507.
[7]	Ding W. B., Yang F., Yang H., Wang J. T., Wang X. F., Zhang X., and Song J., A hybrid power line and visible light communication system for indoor hospital applications, Comput. Ind., vol. 68, pp. 170-178, 2015.
[8]	Thirumalai C. and Kar H., Memory Efficient Multi Key (MEMK) generation scheme for secure transportation of sensitive data over cloud and IoT devices, in Proc. 2017 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT), Vellore, India, 2017, pp. 1-6.
[9]	Latre S., Leroux P., Coenen T., Braem B., Ballon P., and Demeester P., City of things: An integrated and multi-technology testbed for IoT smart city experiments, presented at 2016 IEEE Int. Smart Cities Conf. (ISC2), Trento, Italy, 2016, pp. 1-8.
[10]	Zanella A., Bui N., Castellani A., Vangelista L., and Zorzi M., Internet of things for smart cities, IEEE Internet Things J, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 22-32, 2014.
[11]	Kyriazis D., Varvarigou T., White D., Rossi A., and Cooper J., Sustainable smart city IoT applications: Heat and electricity management & Eco-conscious cruise control for public transportation, in Proc. 14th Int. Symp. “A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks” (WoWMoM), Madrid, Spain, 2013, pp. 1-5.
[12]	Gazis V., Leonardi A., Mathioudakis K., Sasloglou K., Kikiras P., and Sudhaakar R., Components of fog computing in an industrial internet of things context, in Proc. 12th Annual IEEE Int. Conf. Sensing, Communication, and Networking-Workshops (SECON Workshops), Seattle, WA, USA, 2015, pp. 1-6.
[13]	Wang K., Wang Y. H., Sun Y. F., Guo S., and Wu J. S., Green industrial Internet of Things architecture: An energy-efficient perspective, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 48-54, 2016.
[14]	Jeschke S., Brecher C., Meisen T., ?zdemir D., and Eschert T., Industrial internet of things and cyber manufacturing systems, in Industrial Internet of Things: Cybermanufacturing Systems, Jeschke S., Brecher C., Song H. B., and Rawat D. B., eds. Cham, Germany: Springer, 2017, pp. 3-19.
[15]	Li L., Hu X. G., Chen K., and He K. T., The applications of WiFi-based wireless sensor network in internet of things and smart grid, in Proc. 6th IEEE Conf. Industrial Electronics and Applications, Beijing, China, 2011, pp. 789-793.
[16]	Miao Y. and Bu Y. X., Research on the architecture and key technology of Internet of Things (IoT) applied on smart grid, presented at 2010 Int. Conf. Advances in Energy Engineering, Beijing, China, 2010, pp. 69-72.
[17]	Li Y. K., Cheng X., Cao Y., Wang D. X., and Yang L. Q., Smart choice for the smart grid: Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1505-1515, 2018.
[18]	Nair K., Kulkarni J., Warde M., Dave Z., Rawalgaonkar V., Gore G., and Joshi J., Optimizing power consumption in iot based wireless sensor networks using bluetooth low energy, presented at 2015 Int. Conf. Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT), Noida, India, 2015, pp. 589-593.
[19]	Wu F., Rüdiger C., and Yuce M. R., Real-time performance of a self-powered environmental IoT sensor network system, Sensors, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 282, 2017.
[20]	Adhikaree A., Kim T., Vagdoda J., Ochoa A., Hernandez P. J., and Lee Y., Cloud-based battery condition monitoring platform for large-scale lithium-ion battery energy storage systems using internet-of-things (IoT), presented at 2017 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Cincinnati, OH, USA, 2017, pp. 1004-1009.
[21]	Wang Q., Shen C., Zhang K., and Zheng L. Q., Super-capacitor and Li-polymer battery hybrid energy storage for kinetic energy harvesting applications, presented at 2017 IEEE Conf. Energy Conversion (CENCON), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2017, pp. 73-77.
[22]	Zheng L., Lin Z. H., Cheng G., Wu W. Z., Wen X. N., Lee S. M., and Wang Z. L., Silicon-based hybrid cell for harvesting solar energy and raindrop electrostatic energy, Nano Energy, vol. 9, pp. 291-300, 2014.
[23]	Beeby S. P., Torah R. N., Tudor M. J., Glynne-Jones P., O’Donnell T., Saha C. R., and Roy S., A micro electromagnetic generator for vibration energy harvesting, J. Micromech. Microengin., vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1257-1265, 2007.
[24]	Khaligh A., Zeng P., and Zheng C., Kinetic energy harvesting using piezoelectric and electromagnetic technologies—State of the art, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 850-860, 2010.
[25]	Elvin N. G. and Elvin A. A., A general equivalent circuit model for piezoelectric generators, J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 3-9, 2009.
[26]	Lagomarsini C., Jean-Mistral C., Lombardi G., and Sylvestre A., Hybrid piezoelectric-electrostatic generators for wearable energy harvesting applications, Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 28, no. 3, p. 035003, 2019.
[27]	de Queiroz A. C. M. and de Oliveira Filho L. C. M., Energy harvesting with 3D-printed electrostatic generators, in Proc. 7th Latin American Symp. Circuits & Systems (LASCAS), Florianopolis, Brazil, 2016, pp. 127-130.
[28]	Daniel G., Casse B. D., Volkel A. R., and Liu V., Rectifying circuit for multiband radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting, European Patent EP3038209, February 12, 2020.
[29]	Le T., Mayaram K., and Fiez T., Efficient far-field radio frequency energy harvesting for passively powered sensor networks, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 1287-1302, 2008.
[30]	Park M. and Gao Y., Error analysis and stochastic modeling of low-cost MEMS accelerometer, J. Intell. Robot. Syst., vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 27-41, 2006.
[31]	Zheng L. X., Zhou W. C., Tang W. W., Zheng X. C., Peng A., and Zheng H. R., A 3D indoor positioning system based on low-cost MEMS sensors, Simul. Model. Pract. Theory, vol. 65, pp. 45-56, 2016.
[32]	Fan F. R., Tian Z. Q., and Wang Z. L., Flexible triboelectric generator, Nano Energy, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 328-334, 2012.
[33]	Zheng Q., Jin Y. M., Liu Z., Ouyang H., Li H., Shi B. J., Jiang W., Zhang H., Li Z., and Wang Z. L., Robust multilayered encapsulation for high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator in harsh environment, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 8, no. 40, pp. 26 697-26 703, 2016.
[34]	Wu Y. C., Hu Y. S., Huang Z. Y., Lee C. K., and Wang F., Electret-material enhanced triboelectric energy harvesting from air flow for self-powered wireless temperature sensor network, Sens. Actuators A: Phys., vol. 271, pp. 364-372, 2018.
[35]	Zhao L. M., Zheng Q., Ouyang H., Li H., Yan L., Shi B. J., and Li Z., A size-unlimited surface microstructure modification method for achieving high performance triboelectric nanogenerator, Nano Energy, vol. 28, pp. 172-178, 2016.
[36]	Jung W. S., Kang M. G., Moon H. G., Baek S. H., Yoon S. J., Wang Z. L., Kim S. W., and Kang C. Y., High output piezo/triboelectric hybrid generator, Sci. Rep., vol. 5, p. 9309, 2015.
[37]	Xu S. X., Ding W. B., Guo H. Y., Wang X. H., and Wang Z. L., Boost the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators through circuit oscillation, Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 9, no. 30, p. 1900772, 2019.
[38]	Zi Y. L., Wu C. S., Ding W. B., Wang X. F., Dai Y. J., Cheng J., Wang J. Y., Wang Z. J., and Wang Z. L., Field emission of electrons powered by a triboelectric nanogenerator, Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 28, no. 21, p. 1800610, 2018.
[39]	Liu R. Y., Kuang X., Deng J. A., Wang Y. C., Wang A. C., Ding W. B., Lai Y. C., Chen J., Wang P. H., Lin Z. Q., et al., Shape memory polymers for body motion energy harvesting and self-powered mechanosensing, Adv. Mater., vol. 30, no. 8, p. 1705195, 2018.
[40]	Shi B. J., Zheng Q., Jiang W., Yan L., Wang X. X., Liu H., Yao Y., Li Z., and Lin Z., A packaged self-powered system with universal connectors based on hybridized nanogenerators, Adv. Mater., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 846-852, 2016.
[41]	Ding W. B., Zhou J. F., Cheng J., Wang Z. Z., Guo H. Y., Wu C. S., Xu S. X., Wu Z. Y., Xie X., and Wang Z. L., TriboPump: A low-cost, hand-powered water disinfection system, Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 9, no. 27, p. 1901320, 2019.
[42]	Chen T., Shi Q. F., Yang Z., Liu J. C., Liu H. C., Sun L. N., and Lee C. K., A self-powered six-axis tactile sensor by using triboelectric mechanism, Nanomaterials, vol. 8, no. 7, p. 503, 2018.
[43]	Wu C. S., Jiang J. S., Guo H. Y., Pu X. J., Liu L. S., Ding W. B., Kohl P. A., and Wang Z. L., Sunlight-triggerable transient energy harvester and sensors based on triboelectric nanogenerator using acid-sensitive poly(phthalaldehyde), Adv. Electron. Mater., vol. 5, no. 12, p. 1900725, 2019.
[44]	Han K., Luo J. J., Feng Y. W., Lai Q. S., Bai Y., Tang W., and Wang Z. L., Wind-driven radial-engine-shaped triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered absorption and degradation of NOx, ACS Nano, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 2751-2759, 2020.
[45]	Bae J., Lee J., Kim S., Ha J., Lee B. S., Park Y., Choong C., Kim J. B., Wang Z. L., Kim H. Y., et al., Flutter-driven triboelectrification for harvesting wind energy, Nat. Commun., vol. 5, p. 4929, 2014.
[46]	Wang Z. L., Catch wave power in floating nets, Nature, vol. 542, no. 7640, pp. 159-160, 2017.
[47]	Xu L., Pang Y. K., Zhang C., Jiang T., Chen X. Y., Luo J. J., Tang W., Cao X., and Wang Z. L., Integrated triboelectric nanogenerator array based on air-driven membrane structures for water wave energy harvesting, Nano Energy, vol. 31, pp. 351-358, 2017.
[48]	Wu Z. Y., Guo H. Y., Ding W. B., Wang Y. C., Zhang L., and Wang Z. L., A hybridized triboelectric-electromagnetic water wave energy harvester based on a magnetic sphere, ACS Nano, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 2349-2356, 2019.
[49]	Feng Y. W., Jiang T., Liang X., An J., and Wang Z. L., Cylindrical triboelectric nanogenerator based on swing structure for efficient harvesting of ultra-low-frequency water wave energy, Appl. Phys. Rev., vol. 7, no. 2, p. 021401, 2020.
[50]	Jiang T., Zhang L. M., Chen X. Y., Han C. B., Tang W., Zhang C., Xu L., and Wang Z. L., Structural optimization of triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting water wave energy, ACS Nano, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 12 562-12 572, 2015.
[51]	Wang X. F., Niu S. M., Yi F., Yin Y. J., Hao C. L., Dai K. R., Zhang Y., You Z., and Wang Z. L., Harvesting ambient vibration energy over a wide frequency range for self-powered electronics, ACS Nano, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1728-1735, 2017.
[52]	Yang J., Chen J., Yang Y., Zhang H. L., Yang W. Q., Bai P., Su Y. J., and Wang Z. L., Broadband vibrational energy harvesting based on a triboelectric nanogenerator, Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 4, no. 6, p. 1 301 322, 2014.
[53]	Xu M. Y., Wang P. H., Wang Y. C., Zhang S. L., Wang A. C., Zhang C. L., Wang Z. J., Pan X. X., and Wang Z. L., A soft and robust spring based triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting arbitrary directional vibration energy and self-powered vibration sensing, Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 8, no. 9, p. 1702432, 2018.
[54]	Wu C. S., Liu R. Y., Wang J., Zi Y. L., Lin L., and Wang Z. L., A spring-based resonance coupling for hugely enhancing the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting low-frequency vibration energy, Nano Energy, vol. 32, pp. 287-293, 2017.
[55]	Dong K., Deng J. A., Ding W. B., Wang A. C., Wang P. H., Cheng C. Y., Wang Y. C., Jin L. M., Gu B. H., Sun B. Z., et al., Versatile core-sheath yarn for sustainable biomechanical energy harvesting and real-time human-interactive sensing, Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 8, no. 23, p. 1801114, 2018.
[56]	Wang J., Li S. M., Yi F., Zi Y. L., Lin J., Wang X. F., Xu Y. L., and Wang Z. L., Sustainably powering wearable electronics solely by biomechanical energy, Nat. Commun., vol. 7, p. 12744, 2016.
[57]	Hinchet R., Yoon H. J., Ryu H., Kim M. K., Choi E. K., Kim D. S., and Kim S. W., Transcutaneous ultrasound energy harvesting using capacitive triboelectric technology, Science, vol. 365, no. 6452, pp. 491-494, 2019.
[58]	Xiong J. Q., Cui P., Chen X. L., Wang J. X., Parida K., Lin M. F., and Lee P. S., Skin-touch-actuated textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator with black phosphorus for durable biomechanical energy harvesting, Nat. Commun., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 4280, 2018.
[59]	Deng J. A., Kuang X., Liu R. Y., Ding W. B., Wang A. C., Lai Y. C., Dong K., Wen Z., Wang Y. X., Wang L. L., et al., Vitrimer elastomer-based jigsaw puzzle-Like healable triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered wearable electronics, Adv. Mater., vol. 30, no. 14, p. 1705918, 2018.
[60]	Yang P. K., Lin Z. H., Pradel K. C., Lin L., Li X. H., Wen X. N., He J. H., and Wang Z. L., Paper-based origami triboelectric nanogenerators and self-powered pressure sensors, ACS Nano, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 901-907, 2015.
[61]	Luo J. J., Fan F. R., Zhou T., Tang W., Xue F., and Wang Z. L., Ultrasensitive self-powered pressure sensing system, Extreme Mech. Lett., vol. 2, pp. 28-36, 2015.
[62]	Wang X. D., Que M. L., Chen M. X., Han X., Li X. Y., Pan C. F., and Wang Z. L., Full dynamic-range pressure sensor matrix based on optical and electrical dual-mode sensing, Adv. Mater., vol. 29, no. 15, p. 1605817, 2017.
[63]	Yi F., Lin L., Niu S. M., Yang J., Wu W. Z., Wang S. H., Liao Q. L., Zhang Y., and Wang Z. L., Self-powered trajectory, velocity, and acceleration tracking of a moving object/body using a triboelectric sensor, Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 24, no. 47, pp. 7488-7494, 2014.
[64]	Zhou Y. S., Zhu G., Niu S. M., Liu Y., Bai P., Jing Q. S., and Wang Z. L., Nanometer resolution self-powered static and dynamic motion sensor based on micro-grated triboelectrification, Adv. Mater., vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 1719-1724, 2014.
[65]	Yang W. Q., Chen J., Wen X. N., Jing Q. S., Yang J., Su Y. J., Zhu G., Wu W. Z., and Wang Z. L., Triboelectrification based motion sensor for human-machine interfacing, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 7479-7484, 2014.
[66]	Fan X., Chen J., Yang J., Bai P., Li Z. L., and Wang Z. L., Ultrathin, rollable, paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator for acoustic energy harvesting and self-powered sound recording, ACS Nano, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 4236-4243, 2015.
[67]	Li W., Torres D., Díaz R., Wang Z. J., Wu C. S., Wang C., Wang Z. L., and Sepúlveda N., Nanogenerator-based dual-functional and self-powered thin patch loudspeaker or microphone for flexible electronics, Nat. Commun., vol. 8, p. 15310, 2017.
[68]	Guo H. Y., Pu X. J., Chen J., Meng Y., Yeh M. H., Liu G. L., Tang Q., Chen B. D., Liu D., Qi S., et al., A highly sensitive, self-powered triboelectric auditory sensor for social robotics and hearing aids, Sci. Robot., vol. 3, no. 20, p. eaat2516, 2018.
[69]	Arora N., Zhang S. L., Shahmiri F., Osorio D., Wang Y. C., Gupta M., Wang Z. J., Starner T., Wang Z. L., and Abowd G. D., SATURN: A thin and flexible self-powered microphone leveraging triboelectric nanogenerator, Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 60, 2018.
[70]	Wang P. H., Pan L., Wang J. Y., Xu M. Y., Dai G. Z., Zou H. Y., Dong K., and Wang Z. L., An ultra-low-friction triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator for rotation energy harvesting and self-powered wind speed sensor, ACS Nano, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 9433-9440, 2018.
[71]	Yang Y., Zhu G., Zhang H. L., Chen J., Zhong X. D., Lin Z. H., Su Y. J., Bai P., Wen X. N., and Wang Z. L., Triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting wind energy and as self-powered wind vector sensor system, ACS Nano, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 9461-9468, 2013.
[72]	Wang J. Y., Ding W. B., Pan L., Wu C. S., Yu H., Yang L. J., Liao R. J., and Wang Z. L., Self-powered wind sensor system for detecting wind speed and direction based on a triboelectric nanogenerator, ACS Nano, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 3954-3963, 2018.
[73]	Xu M. Y., Wang S., Zhang S. L., Ding W. B., Kien P. T., Wang C., Li Z., Pan X. X., and Wang Z. L., A highly-sensitive wave sensor based on liquid-solid interfacing triboelectric nanogenerator for smart marine equipment, Nano Energy, vol. 57, pp. 574-580, 2019.
[74]	Fan W. J., He Q., Meng K. Y., Tan X. L., Zhou Z. H., Zhang G. Q., Yang J., and Wang Z. L., Machine-knitted washable sensor array textile for precise epidermal physiological signal monitoring, Sci. Adv., vol. 6, no. 11, p. eaay2840, 2020.
[75]	Lin Z. M., Chen J., Li X. S., Zhou Z. H., Meng K. Y., Wei W., Yang J., and Wang Z. L., Triboelectric nanogenerator enabled body sensor network for self-powered human heart-rate monitoring, ACS Nano, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 8830-8837, 2017.
[76]	Liu M. M., Pu X., Jiang C. Y., Liu T., Huang X., Chen L. B., Du C. H., Sun J. M., Hu W. G., and Wang Z. L., Large-area all-textile pressure sensors for monitoring human motion and physiological signals, Adv. Mater., vol. 29, no. 41, p. 1703700, 2017.
[77]	Song W. X., Gan B. C., Jiang T., Zhang Y., Yu A. F., Yuan H. T., Chen N., Sun C. W., and Wang Z. L., Nanopillar arrayed triboelectric nanogenerator as a self-powered sensitive sensor for a sleep monitoring system, ACS Nano, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 8097-8103, 2016.
[78]	Wang P., Zhang S., Zhang L., Wang L. F., Xue H., and Wang Z. L., Non-contact and liquid-liquid interfacing triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered water/liquid level sensing, Nano Energy, vol. 72, p. 104703, 2020.
[79]	Wang W. C., Wu Y. H., Chang Z. H., Chen F. Q., Wang H. Y., Gu G. Q., Zheng H. W., Cheng G., and Wang Z. L., Self-powered intelligent water meter for electrostatic scale preventing, rust protection, and flow sensor in a solar heater system, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 6396-6403, 2019.
[80]	Bai Y., Xu L., He C., Zhu L. P., Yang X. D., Jiang T., Nie J. H., Zhong W., and Wang Z. L., High-performance triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered, in-situ and real-time water quality mapping, Nano Energy, vol. 66, p. 104117, 2019.
[81]	Niu S. M., Wang X. F., Yi F., Zhou Y. S., and Wang Z. L., A universal self-charging system driven by random biomechanical energy for sustainable operation of mobile electronics, Nat. Commun., vol. 6, p. 8975, 2015.
[82]	Zi Y. L., Niu S. M., Wang J., Wen Z., Tang W., and Wang Z. L., Standards and figure-of-merits for quantifying the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators, Nat. Commun., vol. 6, p. 8376, 2015.
[83]	Pu X. J., Guo H. Y., Chen J., Wang X., Xi Y., Hu C. G., and Wang Z. L., Eye motion triggered self-powered mechnosensational communication system using triboelectric nanogenerator, Sci. Adv., vol. 3, no. 7, p. e1700694, 2017.
[84]	Wu C. S., Ding W. B., Liu R. Y., Wang J. Y., Wang A. C., Wang J., Li S. M., Zi Y. L., and Wang Z. L., Keystroke dynamics enabled authentication and identification using triboelectric nanogenerator array, Mater. Today, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 216-222, 2018.
[85]	Kiaghadi A., Homayounfar S. Z., Gummeson J., Andrew T., and Ganesan D., Phyjama: Physiological sensing via fiber-enhanced pyjamas, Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 89, 2019.
[86]	Luo J. J., Tang W., Fan F. R., Liu C. F., Pang Y. K., Cao G. Z., and Wang Z. L., Transparent and flexible self-charging power film and its application in a sliding unlock system in touchpad technology, ACS Nano, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 8078-8086, 2016.
[87]	Ding W. B., Wu C. S., Zi Y. L., Zou H. Y., Wang J. Y., Cheng J., Wang A. C., and Wang Z. L., Self-powered wireless optical transmission of mechanical agitation signals, Nano Energy, vol. 47, pp. 566-572, 2018.
[88]	Cao X., Zhang M., Huang J. R., Jiang T., Zou J. D., Wang N., and Wang Z. L., Inductor-free wireless energy delivery via Maxwell’s displacement current from an electrodeless triboelectric nanogenerator, Adv. Mater., vol. 30, no. 6, p. 1704077, 2018.
[89]	Chen Y. D., Cheng Y., Jie Y., Cao X., Wang N., and Wang Z. L., Energy harvesting and wireless power transmission by a hybridized electromagnetic-ctriboelectric nanogenerator, Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 2678-2684, 2019.
[90]	Zhang C., Chen J. K., Xuan W. P., Huang S. Y., You B., Li W. J., Sun L. L., Jin H., Wang X. Z., Dong S. R., et al., Conjunction of triboelectric nanogenerator with induction coils as wireless power sources and self-powered wireless sensors, Nat. Commun., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 58, 2020.
[91]	Niu S. M. and Wang Z. L., Theoretical systems of triboelectric nanogenerators, Nano Energy, vol. 14, pp. 161-192, 2015.
[92]	Wu C. S., Wang A. C., Ding W. B., Guo H. Y., and Wang Z. L., Triboelectric nanogenerator: A foundation of the energy for the new era, Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 1802906, 2019.
[93]	Dharmasena R. D. I. G., Jayawardena K. D. G. I., Mills C. A., Dorey R. A., and Silva S. R. P., A unified theoretical model for triboelectric nanogenerators, Nano Energy, vol. 48, pp. 391-400, 2018.
[94]	Dharmasena R. D. I. G., Deane J. H. B., and Silva S. R. P., Nature of power generation and output optimization criteria for triboelectric nanogenerators, Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 8, no. 31, p. 1802190, 2018.
[95]	Suicmez T. and Kizgut S., Coal floatability characterization by film flotation, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 32, no. 19, pp. 1801-1811, 2010.
[96]	Zi Y. L., Wang J., Wang S. H., Li S. M., Wen Z., Guo H. Y., and Wang Z. L., Effective energy storage from a triboelectric nanogenerator, Nat. Commun., vol. 7, p. 10987, 2016.
[97]	Zi Y. L., Guo H. Y., Wang J., Wen Z., Li S. M., Hu C. G., and Wang Z. L., An inductor-free auto-power-management design built-in triboelectric nanogenerators, Nano Energy, vol. 31, pp. 302-310, 2017.
[98]	Niu S. M., Wang S. H., Liu Y., Zhou Y. S., Lin L., Hu Y. F., Pradela K. C., and Wang Z. L., A theoretical study of grating structured triboelectric nanogenerators, Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 2339-2349, 2014.
[99]	Niu S. M., Wang S. H., Lin L., Liu Y., Zhou Y. S., Hua Y. F., and Wang Z. L., Theoretical study of contact-mode triboelectric nanogenerators as an effective power source, Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 3576-3583, 2013.
[100]	Niu S. M., Liu Y., Wang S. H., Lin L., Zhou Y. S., Hu Y. F., and Wang Z. L., Theoretical investigation and structural optimization of single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerators, Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 24, no. 22, pp. 3332-3340, 2014.
[101]	Niu S. M., Liu Y., Wang S. H., Lin L., Zhou Y. S., Hu Y. F., and Wang Z. L., Theory of sliding-mode triboelectric nanogenerators, Adv. Mater., vol. 25, no. 43, pp. 6184-6193, 2013.
[102]	Niu S. M., Liu Y., Chen X. Y., Wang S. H., Zhou Y. S., Lin L., Xie Y. N., and Wang Z. L., Theory of freestanding triboelectric-layer-based nanogenerators, Nano Energy, vol. 12, pp. 760-774, 2015.
[103]	Cheng J., Ding W. B., Zi Y. L., Lu Y. J., Ji L. H., Liu F., Wu C. S., and Wang Z. L., Triboelectric microplasma powered by mechanical stimuli, Nat. Commu., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 3733, 2018.
[104]	Liu S. C., Yang F., Ding W. B., Song J., and Tonello A. M., Structured compressed sensing based narrowband interference elimination for in-home power line communications, IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron., vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 10-18, 2017.
[105]	Xu S. X., Zhang L., Ding W. B., Guo H. Y., Wang X. L., and Wang Z. L., Self-doubled-rectification of triboelectric nanogenerator, Nano Energy, vol. 66, p. 104165, 2019.
[106]	Xu G. Q., Li X. Y., Xia X., Fu J. J., Ding W. B., and Zi Y. L., On the force and energy conversion in triboelectric nanogenerators, Nano Energy, vol. 59, pp. 154-161, 2019.
[107]	Zi Y. L., Wu C. S., Ding W. B., and Wang Z. L., Maximized effective energy output of contact-separation-triggered triboelectric nanogenerators as limited by air breakdown, Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 27, no. 24, p. 1700049, 2017.
[108]	Ma X., Gao J. N., Yang F., Ding W. B., Yang H., and Song J., Integrated power line and visible light communication system compatible with multi-service transmission, IET Commun., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 104-111, 2017.
[109]	Wu C. S., Tetik H., Cheng J., Ding W. B., Guo H. Y., Tao X. T., Zhou N. J., Zi Y. L., Wu Z. Y., Wu H. X., et al., Electrohydrodynamic jet printing driven by a triboelectric nanogenerator, Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 29, no. 22, p. 1901102, 2019.
[110]	Xu C., Zhang B. B., Wang A. C., Zou H. Y., Liu G. L., Ding W. B., Wu C. S., Ma M., Feng P. Z., Lin Z. Q., et al., Contact-electrification between two identical materials: Curvature effect, ACS Nano, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 2034-2041, 2019.
[111]	Dharmasena R. D. I. G. and Silva S. R. P., Towards optimized triboelectric nanogenerators, Nano Energy, vol. 62, pp. 530-549, 2019.
[112]	Zhu G., Pan C. F., Guo W. X., Chen C. Y., Zhou Y. S., Yu R. M., and Wang Z. L., Triboelectric-generator-driven pulse electrodeposition for micropatterning, Nano Lett., vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 4960-4965, 2012.
[113]	Wang S. H., Lin L., and Wang Z. L., Nanoscale triboelectric-effect-enabled energy conversion for sustainably powering portable electronics, Nano Lett., vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 6339-6346, 2012.
[114]	Wang S. H., Lin L., Xie Y. N., Jing Q. S., Niu S. M., and Wang Z. L., Sliding-triboelectric nanogenerators based on in-plane charge-separation mechanism, Nano Lett., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 2226-2233, 2013.
[115]	Zhu G., Chen J., Liu Y., Bai P., Zhou Y. S., Jing Q. S., Pan C. F., and Wang Z. L., Linear-grating triboelectric generator based on sliding electrification, Nano Lett., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 2282-2289, 2013.
[116]	Yang Y., Zhou Y. S., Zhang H. L., Liu Y., Lee S. M., and Wang Z. L., A single-electrode based triboelectric nanogenerator as self-powered tracking system, Adv. Mater., vol. 25, no. 45, pp. 6594-6601, 2013.
[117]	Yang Y., Zhang H. L., Chen J., Jing Q. S., Zhou Y. S., Wen X. N., and Wang Z. L., Single-electrode-based sliding triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered displacement vector sensor system, ACS Nano, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 7342-7351, 2013.
[118]	Wang S. H., Xie Y. N., Niu S. M., Lin L., and Wang Z. L., Freestanding triboelectric-layer-based nanogenerators for harvesting energy from a moving object or human motion in contact and non-contact modes, Adv. Mater., vol. 26, no. 18, pp. 2818-2824, 2014.
[119]	Luo J. J., Xu L., Tang W., Jiang T., Fan F. R., Pang Y. K., Chen L. B., Zhang Y., and Wang Z. L., Direct-current triboelectric nanogenerator realized by air breakdown induced ionized air channel, Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 8, no. 27, p. 1800889, 2018.
[120]	Liu D., Yin X., Guo H. Y., Zhou L. L., Li X. Y., Zhang C. L., Wang J., and Wang Z. L., A constant current triboelectric nanogenerator arising from electrostatic breakdown, Sci. Adv., vol. 5, no. 4, p. eaav6437, 2019.
[121]	Xu S. X., Guo H. Y., Zhang S. L., Jin L., Ding W. B., Wang X. H., and Wang Z. L., Theoretical investigation of air breakdown direct current triboelectric nanogenerator, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 116, no. 26, p. 263901, 2020.
[122]	Li Y., Hou M. J., Liu H., and Liu Y., Towards a theoretical framework of strategic decision, supporting capability and information sharing under the context of Internet of Things, Inf. Technol. Manag., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 205-216, 2012.
[123]	Li S. C., Xu L. D., Wang X. H., and Wang J., Integration of hybrid wireless networks in cloud services oriented enterprise information systems, Enterpr. Inf. Syst., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 165-187, 2012.
[124]	Kiritsis D., Closed-loop PLM for intelligent products in the era of the Internet of things, Comput. Aided Des., vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 479-501, 2011.
[125]	Song J., Ding W. B., Yang F., Zhang H. M., Peng K. W., Pan C. Y., Wang J., and Wang J. T., presented at 9th Workshop on Power Line Communications, Klagenfurt, Austria, 2018.
[126]	Ding W. B., Lu Y., Yang F., Dai W., and Song J., Sparse channel state information acquisition for power line communications, presented at 2015 IEEE Int. Conf. Communications (ICC), London, UK, 2015, pp. 746-751.
[127]	Li S. G., Yuan J. P., and Lipson H., Ambient wind energy harvesting using cross-flow fluttering, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 109, no. 2, p. 026104, 2011.
[128]	Orrego S., Shoele K., Ruas A., Doran K., Caggiano B., Mittal R., and Kang S. H., Harvesting ambient wind energy with an inverted piezoelectric flag, Appl. Energy, vol. 194, pp. 212-222, 2017.
[129]	Li S. G. and Lipson H., Vertical-stalk flapping-leaf generator for wind energy harvesting, presented at ASME 2009 Conf. Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, Oxnard, CA, USA, 2009, pp. 611-619.
[130]	Jacobson M. Z. and Archer C. L., Saturation wind power potential and its implications for wind energy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 109, no. 39, pp. 15679-15684, 2012.
[131]	Ananthaswamy A. and Le Page M., How clean is green, New Sci., vol. 213, no. 2849, pp. 34-38, 2012.
[132]	Zhang H. L., Wang J., Xie Y. H., Yao G., Yan Z. C., Huang L., Chen S. H., Pan T. S., Wang L. P., Su Y. J., et al., Self-powered, wireless, remote meteorologic monitoring based on triboelectric nanogenerator operated by scavenging wind energy, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 8, no. 48, pp. 32649-32654, 2016.
[133]	Aderinto T. and Li H., Ocean wave energy converters: Status and challenges, Energies, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 1250, 2018.
[134]	Ringwood J., Practical challenges in harvesting wave energy, presented at Engineering Committee on Oceanic Resources (ECOR) Symp., Newfoundland, Canada, 2008.
[135]	Czech B. and Bauer P., Wave energy converter concepts: Design challenges and classification, IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 4-16, 2012.
[136]	Zi Y. L., Guo H. Y., Wen Z., Yeh M. H., Hu C. G., and Wang Z. L., Harvesting low-frequency (< 5 Hz) irregular mechanical energy: A possible killer application of triboelectric nanogenerator, ACS Nano, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 4797-4805, 2016.
[137]	Yang W. Q., Chen J., Zhu G., Yang J., Bai P., Su Y. J., Jing Q. S., Cao X., and Wang Z. L., Harvesting energy from the natural vibration of human walking, ACS Nano, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 11317-11324, 2013.
[138]	Yuan T. C., Yang J., Song R. G., and Liu X. W., Vibration energy harvesting system for railroad safety based on running vehicles, Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 23, no. 12, p. 125046, 2014.
[139]	Abdelkareem M. A. A., Xu L., Ali M. K. A., Elagouz A., Mi J., Guo S. J., Liu Y. L., and Zuo L., Vibration energy harvesting in automotive suspension system: A detailed review, Appl. Energy, vol. 229, pp. 672-699, 2018.
[140]	Peigney M. and Siegert D., Piezoelectric energy harvesting from traffic-induced bridge vibrations, Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 22, no. 9, p. 095019, 2013.
[141]	Zhang S. L., Jiang Q., Wu Z. Y., Ding W. B., Zhang L., Alshareef H. N., and Wang Z. L., Energy harvesting-storage bracelet incorporating electrochemical microsupercapacitors self-charged from a single hand gesture, Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 9, no. 18, p. 1900152, 2019.
[142]	Li Z. L., Shen J. L., Abdalla I., Yu J. Y., and Ding B., Nanofibrous membrane constructed wearable triboelectric nanogenerator for high performance biomechanical energy harvesting, Nano Energy, vol. 36, pp. 341-348, 2017.
[143]	Cheng X. L., Meng B., Zhang X. S., Han M. D., Su Z. M., and Zhang H. X., Wearable electrode-free triboelectric generator for harvesting biomechanical energy, Nano Energy, vol. 12, pp. 19-25, 2015.
[144]	Dong K., Deng J. A., Zi Y. L., Wang Y. C., Xu C., Zou H. Y., Ding W. B., Dai Y. J., Gu B. H., Sun B. Z., et al., 3D orthogonal woven triboelectric nanogenerator for effective biomechanical energy harvesting and as self-powered active motion sensors, Adv. Mater., vol. 29, no. 38, p. 1702648, 2017.
[145]	Cheng X. L., Miao L. M., Song Y., Su Z. M., Chen H. T., Chen X. X., Zhang J. X., and Zhang H. X., High efficiency power management and charge boosting strategy for a triboelectric nanogenerator, Nano Energy, vol. 38, pp. 438-446, 2017.
[146]	Xi F. B., Pang Y. K., Jiang W. Li. T., Zhang L. M., Guo T., Liu G. X., Zhang C., and Wang Z. L., Universal power management strategy for triboelectric nanogenerator, Nano Energy, vol. 37, pp. 168-176, 2017.
[147]	Lee M., Bae J., Lee J., Lee C. S., Hong S., and Wang Z. L., Self-powered environmental sensor system driven by nanogenerators, Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 3359-3363, 2011.
[148]	Wang Z. L., Toward self-powered sensor networks, Nano Today, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 512-514, 2010.
[149]	Askari H., Hashemi E., Khajepour A., Khamesee M. B., and Wang Z. L., Tire condition monitoring and intelligent tires using nanogenerators based on piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and triboelectric effects, Adv. Mater. Technol., vol. 4, no. 1, p. 1800105, 2019.
[150]	Wu Z. Y., Ding W. B., Dai Y. J., Dong K., Wu C. S., Zhang L., Lin Z. M., Cheng J., and Wang Z. L., Self-powered multifunctional motion sensor enabled by magnetic-regulated triboelectric nanogenerator, ACS Nano, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 5726-5733, 2018.
[151]	Yu H., He X., Ding W. B., Hu Y. S., Yang D. C., Lu S., Wu C. S., Zou H. Y., Liu R. Y., Lu C. H., et al., A self-powered dynamic displacement monitoring system based on triboelectric accelerometer, Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 7, no. 19, p. 1700565, 2017.
[152]	Wang P. H., Liu R. Y., Ding W. B., Zhang P., Pan L., Dai G. Z., Zou H. Y., Dong K., Xu C., and Wang Z. L., Complementary electromagnetic-triboelectric active sensor for detecting multiple mechanical triggering, Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 28, no. 11, p. 1705808, 2018.
[153]	López G., Quesada L., and Guerrero L. A., Alexa vs. Siri vs. Cortana vs. Google assistant: A comparison of speech-based natural user interfaces, in Proc. AHFE 2017 Int. Conf. Human Factors and Systems Interaction, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2017, pp. 241-250.
[154]	Cohen P. R. and Oviatt S. L., The role of voice input for human-machine communication, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 92, no. 22, pp. 9921-9927, 1995.
[155]	Yang J., Chen J., Liu Y., Yang W. Q., Su Y. J., and Wang Z. L., Triboelectrification-based organic film nanogenerator for acoustic energy harvesting and self-powered active acoustic sensing, ACS Nano, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 2649-2657, 2014.
[156]	Makinwa K. A. A. and Huijsing J. H., A smart wind sensor using thermal sigma-delta modulation techniques, Sens. Actuators A: Phys., vols. 97&98, pp. 15-20, 2002.
[157]	Xu M. Y., Wang Y. C., Zhang S. L., Ding W. B., Cheng J., He X., Zhang P., Wang Z. J., Pan X. X., and Wang Z. L., An aeroelastic flutter based triboelectric nanogenerator as a self-powered active wind speed sensor in harsh environment, Extreme Mech. Lett., vol. 15, pp. 122-129, 2017.
[158]	Xin X., Zhong N. B., Liao Q., Cen Y. Y., Wu R. H., and Wang Z. K., High-sensitivity four-layer polymer fiber-optic evanescent wave sensor, Biosens. Bioelectron., vol. 91, pp. 623-628, 2017.
[159]	Mir J. and Lee J. K., Compact minimally invasive biomedical monitor, WIPO Patent WO/2008/150829, December 11, 2008.
[160]	He X., Zou H. Y., Geng Z. S., Wang X. F., Ding W. B., Hu F., Zi Y. L., Xu C., Zhang S. L., Yu H., et al., A hierarchically nanostructured cellulose fiber-based triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered healthcare products, Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 28, no. 45, p. 1805540, 2018.
[161]	Ma Y., Zheng Q., Liu Y., Shi B. J., Xue X., Ji W. P., Liu Z., Jin Y. M., Zou Y., An Z., et al., Self-powered, one-stop, and multifunctional implantable triboelectric active sensor for real-time biomedical monitoring, Nano Lett., vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 6042-6051, 2016.
[162]	Tapashetti A., Vegiraju D., and Ogunfunmi T., IoT-enabled air quality monitoring device: A low cost smart health solution, presented at 2016 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conf. (GHTC), Seattle, WA, USA, 2016, pp. 682-685.
[163]	Vijayakumar N. and Ramya R., The real time monitoring of water quality in IoT environment, presented at 2015 Int. Conf. Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS), Coimbatore, India, 2015, pp. 1-5.
[164]	Mallineni S. S. K., Dong Y. C., Behlow H., Rao A. M., and Podila R., A wireless triboelectric nanogenerator, Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 8, no. 10, p. 1702736, 2018.
[165]	Barman S. D., Reza A. W., Kumar N., Karim M. E., and Munir A. B., Wireless powering by magnetic resonant coupling: Recent trends in wireless power transfer system and its applications, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 51, pp. 1525-1552, 2015.
[166]	Kurs A., Karalis A., Moffatt R., Joannopoulos J. D., Fisher P., and Soljacic M., Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled magnetic resonances, Science, vol. 317, no. 5834, pp. 83-86, 2007.
[167]	Jiang W., Li H., Liu Z., Li Z., Tian J. J., Shi B. J., Zou Y., Ouyang H., Zhao C. C., Zhao L. M., et al., Fully bioabsorbable natural-materials-based triboelectric nanogenerators, Adv. Mater., vol. 30, no. 32, p. 1801895, 2018.
[168]	Elgala H., Mesleh R., and Haas H., Indoor optical wireless communication: Potential and state-of-the-art, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 56-62, 2011.
[169]	Song J., Ding W. B., Yang F., Yang H., Yu B. Y., and Zhang H. M., An indoor broadband broadcasting system based on PLC and VLC, IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 299-308, 2015.
[170]	Grobe L., Paraskevopoulos A., Hilt J., Schulz D., Lassak F., Hartlieb F., Kottke C., Jungnickel V., and Langer K. D., High-speed visible light communication systems, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 51, no. 12, pp. 60-66, 2013.
[171]	Dementyev A., Hodges S., Taylor S., and Smith J., Power consumption analysis of Bluetooth Low Energy, ZigBee and ANT sensor nodes in a cyclic sleep scenario, presented at 2013 IEEE Int. Wireless Symp. (IWS), Beijing, China, 2013.
[172]	Liu D., Chen B. D., An J., Li C. Y., Liu G. X., Shao J. J., Tang W., Zhang C., and Wang Z. L., Wind-driven self-powered wireless environmental sensors for Internet of Things at long distance, Nano Energy, vol. 73, p. 104819, 2020.
[173]	Zhu G., Zhou Y. S., Bai P., Meng X. S., Jing Q. S., Chen J., and Wang Z. L., A shape-adaptive thin-film-based approach for 50% high-efficiency energy generation through micro-grating sliding electrification, Adv. Mater., vol. 26, no. 23, pp. 3788-3796, 2014.
[174]	Xie Y. N., Wang S. H., Niu S. M., Lin L., Jing Q. S., Yang J., Wu Z. Y., and Wang Z. L., Grating-structured freestanding triboelectric-layer nanogenerator for harvesting mechanical energy at 85% total conversion efficiency, Adv. Mater., vol. 26, no. 38, pp. 6599-6607, 2014.
[175]	Lin Z. M., Chen J., and Yang J., Recent progress in triboelectric nanogenerators as a renewable and sustainable power source, J. Nanomater., vol. 2016, p. 5651613, 2016.
[176]	Sripadmanabhan Indira S., Aravind Vaithilingam C., Oruganti K. S. P., Mohd F., and Rahman S., Nanogenerators as a sustainable power source: State of art, applications, and challenges, Nanomaterials, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 773, 2019.

[1]	Chaochao Yao,Yang Liu,Xusheng Wei,Gongpu Wang,Feifei Gao. Backscatter technologies and the future of Internet of Things: Challenges and opportunities[J]. , 2020, 1(2): 170-180.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed