Please wait a minute...
  2021, Vol. 2 Issue (1): 50-65    doi: 10.23919/ICN.2020.0024
Optical communication     
Performance analysis of a low-complexity nonorthogonal multiple access scheme in visible light communication downlinks using pulse modulations
Jian Song(),Tian Cao*(),Hongming Zhang*()
Jian Song and Hongming Zhang are with Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Key Laboratory of Digital TV System of Guangdong Province and Shenzhen City, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), and Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Download: PDF (3239 KB)      HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)      

Abstract  

Although Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) decoding is widely adopted in Nonorthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) schemes for the recovery of user data at acceptable complexity, the imperfect SIC would cause Error Propagation (EP), which can severely degrade system performance. In this work, we propose an SIC-free NOMA scheme in pulse modulation based Visible Light Communication (VLC) downlinks, including two types of users with different data rate requirements. Low bit-rate users adopt on-off keying, whereas high bit-rate ones use Multiple Pulse Position Modulation (MPPM). The soft decision decoding scheme is exploited by high bit-rate users to decode MPPM signals, which could fundamentally eliminate the detrimental effect of EP; the scheme is also easier and faster to execute compared with the conventional SIC decoding scheme. Expressions of the symbol error rate and achievable data rate for two types of users are derived. Results of the Monte Carlo simulation are provided to confirm the correctness of theoretical results.

Key words： visible light communication      nonorthogonal multiple access      error propagation      on-off keying      multiple pulse position modulation      symbol error rate      achievable data rate     
Received: 03 November 2020      Online: 19 August 2021
Fund:  National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB0403403);Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2015A030312006)
Corresponding Authors: Tian Cao,Hongming Zhang     E-mail: jsong@tsinghua.edu.cn;caot19@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn;zhhm@tsinghua.edu.cn
About author: Jian Song received the BEng and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from Tsinghua University in 1990 and 1995, respectively. He was with the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the University of Waterloo, Canada in 1996 and 1997, respectively. He worked for industry in U.S. for seven years. He joined the faculty team with Tsinghua University as a professor in 2005, where he is currently the director of the DTV Technology Research and Development Center, Tsinghua University. His research interests include digital television terrestrial broadcasting, wireless communication, power line communication, and visible light communication. He has published over 290 peer-reviewed journal and conference papers in the above areas and one book in DTV area by Wiley, holds two U.S. and over 70 Chinese patents. He was a recipient of the IEEE Scott Helt Memorial Award in 2015. He is a fellow of IET and CIE.|Tian Cao received the BS and MS degrees in telecommunication engineering from Xidian University in 2014 and 2017, respectively. He is currently pursuing the PhD degree at the Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University. His research interests include ultraviolet communications and visible light communications.|Hongming Zhang is an associate professor at the Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University. He received the BS and PhD degrees from Tsinghua University in 1998 and 2003, respectively. He has applied for more than 20 invention patents in China, and published more than 80 research papers. His main research interests include visible light communication and indoor positioning technology.
Service
E-mail this article
Add to my bookshelf
Add to citation manager
E-mail Alert
RSS
Articles by authors
Jian Song
Tian Cao
Hongming Zhang
Cite this article:

Jian Song,Tian Cao,Hongming Zhang. Performance analysis of a low-complexity nonorthogonal multiple access scheme in visible light communication downlinks using pulse modulations. , 2021, 2: 50-65.

URL:

http://icn.tsinghuajournals.com/10.23919/ICN.2020.0024     OR     http://icn.tsinghuajournals.com/Y2021/V2/I1/50

Fig. 1 Channel model of the NOMA-VLC downlink with two users.
(5,?2) MPPM.
">
Fig. 2 Graphical representation of two-user NOMA scheme in the downlink of VLC, where low bit-rate user (U1) uses OOK and high bit-rate user (U2) adopts (5,?2) MPPM.
Parameter nameNotationValue
LED semi-angleψ1/2(∘)60
PD HFOVφc(∘)45
PD detection areaAk?(cm2)1
PD responsivityR?(A/W)1
Optical filter gainT?(φk)1
Reflective index of optical concentratorρ1.5
Table 1 Used parameters.
39] are also plotted here for comparison.
">
Fig. 3 SER performance of two-user NOMA-VLC systems with OOK and SDD-based MPPM. The results of U2 with SIC-based MPPM and U1 in the variable rate OOK-based NOMA system[39] are also plotted here for comparison.
Fig. 4 SER performance of two-user NOMA-VLC systems with different power allocation factors considered.
Fig. 5 ADR performance of two-user NOMA-VLC systems versus power allocation factors when transmitting SNR equals (a) 85, (b) 90, (c) 95, and (d) 100 dB.
𝜷k=0.5.
">
Fig. 6 Comparison of ADR between the proposed NOMA scheme and the conventional OMA scheme, in which we set 𝜷k=0.5.
Fig. 7 ADR versus transmitting SNR with different numbers of (a) total slots and (b) pulsed slots adopted by the high bit-rate user.
(5,2) MPPM adopted with regard to transmitting SNR.
">
Fig. A1 Curve of the probability of the number of wrongly decoded pulsed or unpulsed slots for the high bit-rate user (U2) with (5,2) MPPM adopted with regard to transmitting SNR.
[1]   Karunatilaka D., Zafar F., Kalavally V., and Parthiban R., LED based indoor visible light communications: State of the art, IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1649-1678, 2015.
[2]   Sung J. Y., Chow C. W., and Yeh C. H., Dimming-discrete-multi-tone (DMT) for simultaneous color control and high speed visible light communication, Opt. Express, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 7538-7543, 2014.
[3]   Song J., Ding W. B., Yang F., Yang H., Yu B. Y., and Zhang H. M., An indoor broadband broadcasting system based on PLC and VLC, IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 299-308, 2015.
[4]   Yu B. Y., Zhang H. M., Wei L., and Song J., Subcarrier grouping OFDM for visible-light communication systems, IEEE Photon. J., vol. 7, no. 5, p. 7903812, 2015.
[5]   Huang X., Yang F., Pan C. Y., and Song J., Advanced ADO-OFDM with adaptive subcarrier assignment and optimized power allocation, IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1167-1170, 2019.
[6]   Chen S. Z., Liang Y. C., Sun S. H., Kang S. L., Cheng W. C., and Peng M. G., Vision, requirements, and technology trend of 6G: How to tackle the challenges of system coverage, capacity, user data-rate and movement speed, IEEE Wirel. Commun., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 218-228, 2020.
[7]   Giordani M., Polese M., Mezzavilla M., Rangan S., and Zorzi M., Toward 6G networks: Use cases and technologies, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 55-61, 2020.
[8]   Minh H. L., O’Brien D., Faulkner G., Zeng L. B., Lee K., Jung D., Oh Y., and Won E. T., 100-Mb/s NRZ visible light communications using a postequalized white LED, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 21, no. 15, pp. 1063-1065, 2009.
[9]   Zeng L. B., O’Brien D. C., Minh H. Le, Faulkner G. E., Lee K., Jung D., Oh Y., and Won E. T., High data rate multiple input multiple output (MIMO) optical wireless communications using white LED lighting, IEEE J. Selected Areas Commun., vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1654-1662, 2009.
[10]   Feng S. M., Zhang R., Xu W., and Hanzo L., Multiple access design for ultra-dense VLC networks: Orthogonal vs non-orthogonal, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 2218-2232, 2019.
[11]   Dai L. L., Wang B. C., Ding Z. G., Wang Z. C., Chen S., and Hanzo L., A survey of non-orthogonal multiple access for 5G, IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 2294-2323, 2018.
[12]   Hoshyar R., Wathan F. P., and Tafazolli R., Novel low-density signature for synchronous CDMA systems over AWGN channel, IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1616-1626, 2008.
[13]   Marshoud H., Muhaidat S., Sofotasios P. C., Hussain S., Ali Imran M., and Sharif B. S., Optical non-orthogonal multiple access for visible light communication, IEEE Wirel. Commun., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 82-88, 2018.
[14]   Wang H. R., Wang F. S., and Li R., Enhancing power allocation efficiency of NOMA aided-MIMO downlink VLC networks, Opt. Commun., vol. 454, p. 124497, 2020.
[15]   Marshoud H., Kapinas V. M., Karagiannidis G. K., and Muhaidat S., Non-orthogonal multiple access for visible light communications, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 51-54, 2016.
[16]   Chen C., Zhong W. D., Yang H. L., and Du P. F., On the performance of MIMO-NOMA-based visible light communication systems, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 307-310, 2018.
[17]   Yang Z. H., Xu W., and Li Y. R., Fair non-orthogonal multiple access for visible light communication downlinks, IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 66-69, 2017.
[18]   Fu Y., Hong Y., Chen L. K., and Sung C. W., Enhanced power allocation for sum rate maximization in OFDM-NOMA VLC systems, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 30, no. 13, pp. 1218-1221, 2018.
[19]   Li Q., Shang T., Tang T., and Dong Z. Y., Optimal power allocation scheme based on multi-factor control in indoor NOMA-VLC systems, IEEE Acc., vol. 7, pp. 82 878-82 887, 2019.
[20]   Feng S. M., Bai T., and Hanzo L., Joint power allocation for the multi-user NOMA-downlink in a power-line-fed VLC network, IEEE Trans. Vehicul. Technol., vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 5185-5190, 2019.
[21]   Lin B. J., Ye W. P., Tang X., and Ghassemlooy Z., Experimental demonstration of bidirectional NOMA-OFDMA visible light communications, Opt. Express, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 4348-4355, 2017.
[22]   Abumarshoud H., Alshaer H., and Haas H., Dynamic multiple access configuration in intelligent lifi attocellular access points, IEEE Acc., vol. 7, pp. 62 126-62 141, 2019.
[23]   Yin L., Popoola W. O., Wu X. P., and Haas H., Performance evaluation of non-orthogonal multiple access in visible light communication, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 5162-5175, 2016.
[24]   Janjua M. B., Costa D. B. Da, and Arslan H., User pairing and power allocation strategies for 3D VLC-NOMA systems, IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 866-870, 2020.
[25]   Nauryzbayev G., Abdallah M., and Elgala H., On the performance of NOMA-enabled spectrally and energy efficient OFDM (SEE-OFDM) for indoor visible light communications, in Proc. 2018 IEEE 87th Vehicular Technology Conf. (VTC Spring), Porto, Portugal, 2018.
[26]   Nauryzbayev G., Abdallah M., and Elgala H., Outage of SEE-OFDM VLC-NOMA networks, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 121-124, 2019.
[27]   Li H. Y., Huang Z. T., Xiao Y., Zhan S., and Ji Y. F., A power and spectrum efficient NOMA scheme for VLC network based on hierarchical pre-distorted LACO-OFDM, IEEE Acc., vol. 7, pp. 48 565-48 571, 2019.
[28]   Shi J., He J., Wu K. Q., and Ma J., Enhanced performance of asynchronous multi-cell VLC system using OQAM/OFDM-NOMA, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 37, no. 20, pp. 5212-5220, 2019.
[29]   Adnan A., Liu Y., Chow C. W., and Yeh C. H., Demonstration of non-hermitian symmetry (NHS) IFFT/FFT size efficient OFDM non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for visible light communication, IEEE Photon. J., vol. 12, no. 3, p. 7201405, 2020.
[30]   Adnan A., Liu Y., Chow C. W., and Yeh C. H., Analysis of non-hermitian symmetry (NHS) IFFT/FFT size efficient OFDM for multiple-client non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) visible light communication (VLC) system, Opt. Commun., vol. 472, p. 125991, 2020.
[31]   Zhao X., Chen H. B., and Sun J. Y., On physical-layer security in multiuser visible light communication systems with non-orthogonal multiple access, IEEE Acc., vol. 6, pp. 34 004-34 017, 2018.
[32]   Yang Y. B., Chen C., Zhang W., Deng X., Du P. F., Yang H. L., Zhong W. D., and Chen L. Y., Secure and private NOMA VLC using OFDM with two-level chaotic encryption, Opt. Express, vol. 26, no. 26, pp. 34 031-34 042, 2018.
[33]   Lin B. J., Ghassemlooy Z., Tang X., Li Y. W., and Zhang M., Experimental demonstration of optical MIMO NOMA-VLC with single carrier transmission, Opt. Commun., vol. 402, pp. 52-55, 2017.
[34]   Marshoud H., Sofotasios P. C., Muhaidat S., Karagiannidis G. K., and Sharif B. S., On the performance of visible light communication systems with non-orthogonal multiple access, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 6350-6364, 2017.
[35]   Liu X. D., Chen Z. Z., Wang Y. H., Zhou F. H., Luo Y. S., and Hu R. Q., BER analysis of NOMA-enabled visible light communication systems with different modulations, IEEE Trans. Vehicul. Technol., vol. 68, no. 11, pp. 10 807-10 821, 2019.
[36]   Li H. Y., Huang Z. T., Xiao Y., Zhan S., and Ji Y. F., Solution for error propagation in a NOMA-based VLC network: Symmetric superposition coding, Opt. Express, vol. 25, no. 24, pp. 29 856-29 863, 2017.
[37]   Chen C., Zhong W. D., Yang H. L., Du P. F., and Yang Y. B., Flexible-rate SIC-free NOMA for downlink VLC based on constellation partitioning coding, IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 568-571, 2019.
[38]   Shi J., He J., Hong Y., and Chen L. K., Performance-enhanced NOMA-VLC using subcarrier pairwise coding, Opt. Commun., vol. 450, pp. 141-146, 2019.
[39]   T. Cao, H. Zhang, and J. Song, BER performance analysis for downlink non-orthogonal multiple access with error propagation mitigated method in visible light communications, under review.
[40]   Ghassemlooy Z., Popoola W., and Rajbhandari S., Optical Wireless Communications: System and Channel Modelling with Matlab?. Bellingham, WA, USA: CRC Press, 2019.
[41]   IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Part 15.7: Short-Range Optical Wireless Communications, IEEE Std 802.15.7-2018, 2019.
[42]   Wang Z. Y., Yu H. Y., and Wang D. M., Channel and bit adaptive power control strategy for uplink NOMA VLC systems, Appl. Sci., vol. 9, no. 2, p. 220, 2019.
[43]   Ghassemlooy Z., Alves L. N., Zvanovec S., and Ali Khalighi M., Visible light communications: Theory and applications, Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2017.
[44]   Zhou D., Cao T., Yang Y. T., Zhang J. X., Wang P., and Yang B. S., Symbol error rate performance analysis of soft-decision decoded MPPM free space optical system over exponentiated Weibull fading channels, Chin. Opt. Lett., vol. 15, no. 5, p. 050602, 2017.
[45]   Cover T. M. and Thomas J. A., Elements of Information Theory, 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
[46]   Papoulis A., Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1991.
[1] Yue Zhang,Hequn Zhang,John Cosmas,Nawar Jawad,Kareem Ali,Ben Meunier,Adam Kapovits,Li-Ke Huang,Wei Li,Lina Shi,Xun Zhang,Jintao Wang,Israel Koffman,Muller Robert,Charilaos C. Zarakovitis. Internet of radio and light: 5G building network radio and edge architecture[J]. , 2020, 1(1): 37-57.
京ICP备10035462号-7
Copyright © Journals of Tsinghua University Press, All Rights Reserved.